| Whren v. U.S. (1966) -Pretextual Stops |
|---|
| Facts: Officers stopped a car for a traffic violation while looking for drug activity. |
| Ruling: Pretextual stops are legal if based on a lawful traffic violation. |
| How This Affects Law Enforcement: 1. Stops cannot be based on bias, -Race, -Ethnicity, -National origin, -Gender, -Sexual orientation, -Religious affiliation, -Socioeconomic status, or -Perceived political beliefs. |